Russian forces have begun
participating in military operations in Syria in support of government
troops, three Lebanese sources familiar with the political and military
situation there said on Wednesday.
The
sources, speaking to Reuters on condition they not be identified, gave
the most forthright account yet from the region of what the United
States fears is a deepening Russian military role in Syria's civil war,
though one of the Lebanese sources said the number of Russians involved
so far was small.
U.S.
officials said Russia sent two tank landing ships and additional cargo
aircraft to Syria in the past day or so and deployed a small number of
naval infantry forces.
The
U.S. officials, who also spoke on condition of anonymity, said the
intent of Russia's military moves in Syria was unclear. One suggested
the focus may be on preparing an airfield near the port city of Latakia,
a stronghold of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
U.S. officials have not ruled out the possibility that Russia may want to use the airfield for air combat missions.
U.S.
Secretary of State John Kerry spoke to his Russian counterpart for the
second time in four days to express concern over reports of Russian
military activities in Syria, warning that it could fan more violence.
The White House said it was closely monitoring the situation.
Russia
says the Syrian government must be incorporated into a shared global
fight against Islamic State, the Islamist group that has taken over
large parts of Syria and Iraq. The United States and Assad's regional
foes see him as part of the problem.
"We
would welcome constructive Russian contributions to the counter-ISIL
effort, but we've been clear that it would be unconscionable for any
party, including the Russians, to provide any support to the Assad
regime," White House spokesman Eric Schultz said, using an acronym for
Islamic State.
SYRIAN TROOPS PULLING BACK
Assad's
forces have faced big setbacks on the battlefield in a four-year-old
multi-sided civil war that has killed 250,000 people and driven half of
Syria's 23 million people from their homes.
Syrian
troops pulled out of a major air base last Wednesday, and a monitoring
group said this meant government soldiers were no longer present at all
in Idlib province, most of which slipped from government control earlier
this year.
Moscow confirmed it had "experts" on the ground in Syria, its long-time ally in the Middle East.
But
Russia has declined to comment on the scale and scope of its military
presence. Damascus denied Russians were involved in combat, but a Syrian
official said the presence of experts had increased in the past year.
Reflecting
Western concern, Germany's foreign minister warned Russia against
increased military intervention, saying the Iran nuclear deal and new
U.N. initiatives offered a starting point for a political solution to
the conflict.
NATO Secretary
General Jens Stoltenberg said reports of growing Russian military
activity in Syria were a cause for concern, while France said it made
finding a political solution to the crisis more complicated.
Two
of the Lebanese sources said the Russians were establishing two bases
in Syria, one near the coast and one further inland which would be an
operations base.
"The
Russians are no longer just advisors," one of the sources said. "The
Russians have decided to join the war against terrorism."
RUSSIAN NAVAL BASE
Moscow's
only naval base in the Mediterranean is at Tartous on the Syrian coast
in territory held by Assad, and keeping it secure would be an important
strategic objective for the Kremlin.
Another
of the Lebanese sources said that so far any Russian combat role was
still small: "They have started in small numbers, but the bigger force
did not yet take part ... There are numbers of Russians taking part in
Syria but they did not yet join the fight against terrorism strongly."
The Syrian official said: "Russian experts are always present but in the last year they have been present to a greater degree."
Officials
in the United States, which is fighting an air war against the Islamist
militant group Islamic State in Syria and also opposes Assad's
government, have said in recent days that they suspect Russia is
reinforcing to aid Assad.
Washington
has put pressure on countries nearby to deny their air space to Russian
flights, a move Moscow denounced on Wednesday as "international
boorishness".
Russia has set
out the case for supporting Assad in the most forthright terms yet in
the past few days, likening the Western approach to Syria to failures in
Iraq and Libya.
Part of the
diplomatic quarrel has centred around use of air space for flights,
which Moscow says bring humanitarian aid but U.S. officials say may be
bringing military supplies.
U.S.
officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Reuters on
Wednesday that multiple Russian flights have passed over the airspace of
Iran and Iraq to reach Syria.
RUSSIAN OVERFLIGHTS
The State Department said Russian use of Iranian airspace would not be surprising, given Tehran's past support for Assad.
Spokesman
John Kirby said the United States had advised "partners and our friends
to ask the Russians tough questions about" overflight requests. He did
not elaborate, saying only: "I'm not gonna detail diplomatic
conversations."
To avoid
flying over Turkey, one of Assad's main enemies, Russia has sought to
fly planes over Balkan states, but Washington has urged them to deny
Moscow permission.
On
Tuesday, Bulgaria refused a Russian request to use its airspace citing
doubts about the cargo on board. It said on Wednesday it would allow
Russian supply flights to Syria to use its airspace only if Moscow
agreed to checks of their cargo at a Bulgarian airport.
Turkey
has not officially confirmed a ban on Russian flights to Syria but says
it considers any requests to fly over its air space to Syria on a case
by case basis.
Thus far in
the war, Iran and its Lebanese ally Hezbollah have been Assad's main
sources of military support. The momentum turned against Assad earlier
this year.
In the latest
setback, state television reported government troops had surrendered an
air base in northwestern Syria to a rebel alliance after nearly two
years under siege.
This meant
the last government troops had withdrawn from central Idlib province,
according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based group
that monitors the conflict. (Additional reporting by Suleiman
al-Khalidi in Amman; Mark Hosenball and Lesley Wroughton in Washington;
Writing by Tom Perry, Sylvia Westall, Peter Graff and Phil Stewart;
Editing by Giles Elgood, David Storey, Grant McCool)